Resolving heterogeneity in transcranial electrical stimulation efficacy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract While the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is dominated by pharmacological agents, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) gaining attention as an alternative method for treatment. Most current meta-analyses have suggested that tES can improve cognitive functions are otherwise impaired in ADHD, such inhibition and working memory, well alleviated clinical symptoms. Here we review some promising findings field tES. At same time, highlight two factors, which hinder effective application treating ADHD: 1) heterogeneity protocols used different studies; 2) patient profiles influencing responses to We potential solutions overcoming limitations, including use active machine learning, provide simulated data demonstrate how these could also understanding, diagnosis, ADHD.